Correction and Retraction

Published articles are part of the scholarly record. When a problem is found, Tarbiyah responds in proportion to its seriousness, in line with COPE guidelines.

• Level 1

  Correction

  For minor errors that do not change the findings or conclusions, such as author names, affiliations, or typos. A correction notice is published and linked to the article.

• Level 2

  Expression of Concern

  For cases still under investigation, where there are credible concerns about the reliability of the work. A notice is attached to the article until the investigation concludes.

• Level 3

  Retraction

  For serious problems, such as research misconduct, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or major errors that invalidate the findings.

A retracted article is not deleted. It stays online with a clear retraction notice, so readers can see what happened and why.